User:DeatonWhiting296

A pc murah laptop computer or just laptop (also pc or notebook) could be a small mobile personal computer, typically weighing from one to three kilograms, depending on size, materials and alternative factors.

While the terms "laptop" and "notebook" are typically used interchangeably, "laptop" is that the older term, introduced in 1983 with the Gavilan SC. "Notebook computer" may be a later coinage, which was used to differentiate smaller devices like those of the Compaq LTE series in 1989, which were, in distinction to previous laptops, the approximate size of an A4 paper sheet.[1] Either term is often used improperly: thanks to heat and other issues, several laptops are inappropriate for use on one's lap, and most don't seem to be the size of an A4 sheet. Although, some older moveable computers, like the Macintosh transportable and certain Zenith TurbosPort models, were typically described as "laptops", their size and weight were too nice for this class.

Laptops usually run on one battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which may charge the battery while conjointly supplying power to the computer itself.

An Acer laptop with touchpadAs personal computers, laptops are capable of a similar tasks as a desktop computer, though they're typically less powerful for constant worth. They contain parts that are just like their desktop counterparts and perform identical functions, however are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and economical power consumption. Laptops sometimes have liquid crystal displays and most of them use totally different memory modules for their RAM (for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs). in addition to a built-in keyboard, they will utilize a touchpad (also called a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse will usually be attached.

Categories Terms generally used for subtypes of laptop computers include:

Ultraportables Laptops with screens generally less than 12 inches diagonally and a weight of but 1.7kg. Their primary audience is sometimes business travellers, who would like little, lightweight laptops. Ultraportables are often very expensive and house power-saving CPUs and nearly always have integrated graphics. Thin-and-lights Laptops sometimes weighing in between 1.8kg and 2.8kg with a screen size of between 12 and fourteen inches diagonally. Medium-sized laptops These sometimes have screens of 15 - 15.4 inches diagonally and a weight of around 3-3.5kg. they usually sacrifice to a small degree computing power for smaller dimensions and longer battery life, though the length and width are usually determined by the screen size. Desktop replacement computers Powerful laptops meant to be mainly employed in a set location and infrequently distributed due to their weight and size; the latter provides extra space for powerful elements and an enormous screen, sometimes measuring fifteen inches or a lot of. Desktop replacements tend to possess limited battery life, rarely exceeding three hours, as a result of the hardware doesn't optimize power efficiency. History Before laptop/notebook computers were technically possible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC within the early Nineteen Seventies.

The komputer murah first commercially out there portable laptop was the Osborne 1 in 1981, that used the CP/M operating system. although it was giant and serious compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were ready to take their pc and data with them for the first time. This and alternative "luggables" were impressed by what was in all probability the first transportable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; but, solely ten prototypes were designed. The Osborne was about the dimensions of a transportable stitching machine, and importantly may well be carried on a poster aircraft. However, it had been not possible to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.

A additional enduring success was the Compaq moveable, the primary product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which time the IBM personal computer had become the standard platform. though scarcely additional portable than the Osborne machines, and conjointly requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the primary true IBM clone (IBM's own later portable laptop, that arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).

Another important machine announced in 1981, though first sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. a simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD display with 4 lines of text, twenty characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and sixteen kB of RAM (expandable to thirty two kB).

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a very magnesium case, it introduced the currently acquainted clamshell style, during which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. the pc may be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma show and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. it absolutely was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$ 10,000) restricted it to specialized applications. However, it absolutely was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the area Shuttle throughout the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned important returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).

Two alternative noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and therefore the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but initial sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the primary laptop to be marketed as a "laptop". it was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, put in on a panel higher than the keyboard. like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and also the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, though primarily running their own system software. both had LCD displays, and will connect to optional external printers.

The year 1983 additionally saw the launch of what was most likely the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85, which owed a lot of to the design of the previous Epson HX-20. although it had been initially a slow seller in Japan, it absolutely was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, which saw its potential and marketed it respectively as TRS-80 Model a hundred line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.[2] The machines ran on commonplace AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, together with a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were equipped by Microsoft, and are thought to own been written in part by Bill Gates himself. the pc wasn't a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen on top of a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. because of its portability, smart battery life (and easy replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as very little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed but a pair of kg with dimensions of thirty × twenty one.5 × 4.5 cm (12 × eight.5 × 1.75 inches). Initial specifications included eight kilobyte of RAM (expandable to 24 kB) and a three MHz processor. The machine was in reality about the dimensions of a paper notebook, but the term had nevertheless to come into use and it absolutely was usually described as a "portable" laptop.

Among the primary commercial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM computer Convertible, introduced in 1986, and 2 Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. though limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried during a backpack, and will be get away lead-acid batteries. These additionally introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted every time.

The first laptops successful on a massive scale came in large part because of a request For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually result in the purchase of over two hundred,000 laptops. Competition to provide this contract was fiercely contested and therefore the major computer firms of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith knowledge Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in a trial to win this deal. ZDS, that had earlier won a landmark touch upon the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20MB laborious disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988.

ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo within the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable as a result of it had been the first deal between a significant whole and an Asian OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). At the time, Compaq, IBM, Toshiba, NEC, etc. all designed and manufactured their own machines. However, after the success of the ZDS giving other relationships, like Compaq and Citizen, soon followed. At this time the standard of Japanese engineering and producing in conjunction with the strength of the dollar relative to the yen (typically concerning 130 Yen = $1) drove most brands to suppliers in Japan. firms such as Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio were all heavily involved in this business as OEMs. However, by the mid-1990s a weakening greenback and the rising viability of Taiwanese OEMs such as Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, and Chicony lead the supply base to rapidly shift from Japan to Taiwan. Additionally, brands that were a lot of nimble and relied less on internal engineering such as Gateway, Dell and Micron began to rise quickly to leadership positions. mixtures such as Dell/Compal and Gateway/Quanta eventually became powerhouse partnerships and greatly contributed to the prominence of Taiwanese OEMs because the center of computer producing from about 1995 onward.

Another notable pc was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. about the dimensions of an A4 sheet of paper still, it ran on commonplace batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer; and, as a ROM-based machine with a small display, will -- just like the TRS-80 Model a hundred -- even be seen as a forerunner of the private digital assistant.

By the tip of the 1980s, laptop computers were changing into popular among business people. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first laptop computer, weighing just over two kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a a pair of megabyte RAM drive, however this reduced its utility moreover as its size. the first notebook computers to incorporate onerous drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the end of that year. actually the scale of a notebook, they also featured backlit displays with CGA resolutions (though not CGA colors).

The Macintosh transportable, Apple's initial attempt at a battery-powered computerThe first Apple computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh transportable (although an LCD screen had been an possibility for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). really a "luggable", the Mac moveable was praised for its clear active matrix show and long battery life, however was a poor seller as a result of its bulk. in the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were on the market for Mac users; but, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a collection of Mac ROMs, that sometimes meant having to buy a brand new or used Macintosh still.

The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, like the placement of the keyboard, area for palm rest, and the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). the following year, IBM released its Thinkpad 700C, featuring an identical design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).

Later PowerBooks introduced the first 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and 1st true touchpad, initial 16-bit sound recording, and initial built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook five hundred, 1994).

The summer of 1995 was a significant turning purpose within the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. it had been the first time that Microsoft had placed abundant of the facility management management within the operating system. prior to now every whole used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial within the eyes of notebook designers as a result of it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; but, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook style. Windows 95 conjointly ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM in mobile computing and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. By additionally featuring a removeable laborious disk drive and floppy drive it was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and arduous disk drive) pc. The Gateway Solo was very successful inside the buyer section of the market. In roughly an equivalent time amount the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM Thinkpad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the company market.

An laptop murah recent (1997) Micron laptopAs technology improved throughout the Nineteen Nineties, the usefulness and recognition of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:

Improved battery technology. The significant lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and additional economical technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer. Power-saving processors. whereas laptops in 1991 were restricted to the 80286 processor thanks to the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the precise power wants of laptops, marked the purpose at which laptop desires were included in CPU style. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to form the SL chipset. it absolutely was additional integrated than any previous answer although its value was higher. it had been heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used a similar design. However, Intel had to abandon this style approach as it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium needed TAB mounting (also utilized in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of corporations capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which could be a common attribute of desktops. Intel did attempt to solve this downside with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a regular module upon that the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the producing process some, and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU may well be added to the chassis once it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for many generations however ultimately could not maintain the acceptable speed and knowledge integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. Improved liquid crystal displays, specifically active-matrix TFT (Thin-Flim Transitor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs susceptible to significant shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some transportable pc screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew an excessive amount of current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for a few time although their viewing quality was poor. By about 1991, two new color LCD techologies hit the mainstream market in a very huge way; twin STN and TFT. the twin STN screens solved several of the viewing problems of STN at a really cheap value and also the TFT screens offered wonderful viewing quality although initially at a steep worth. DSTN continued to supply a significant price advantage over TFT till the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN was not utilized in notebooks. enhancements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and will display color with nice accuracy, making them an appropriate substitute for a traditional CRT monitor. Improved arduous disk technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became on the market, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the wants of notebook designers that needed smaller, lower power consumption products. As pressure to continue to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. Improved connectivity. Internal modems and commonplace serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops created it easier to figure aloof from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, created laptops as straightforward to use with peripherals as a desktop computer.

The $100 laptop

A first generation prototype of the $100 laptop In 2005, faculty members from the MIT Media Lab including Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop and the One Laptop Per child project. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently cheap to produce every kid within the world access to information and modern types of education. The laptops are to be sold to governments and issued to kids by faculties. These equipments, of which many prototypes have already been presented, will be rugged, Linux-based, and therefore energy economical that a hand-cranking dynamo can alone provide sufficient power for operation (although this hand-crank has since been removed). Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking is also used to permit several machines to share one web association.